1. Oral analgesics can be used to relieve pain. Ibuprofen is popular because of its anti-inflammatory effect, which is particularly useful if there is swelling. However, ibuprofen should not be used in the first 48 hours after the injury because it may delay healing. In addition, oral NSAIDs should not be taken at the same time as topical variants as there is a risk of cumulative side effects. In this case, paracetamol is a better option.

2. Physiotherapy is a good way of strengthening the surrounding muscles and improving the range of motion of an injured joint. It can also speed up the return of normal functioning. Techniques including massage, manipulation and exercises are likely to be involved. Referral to a GP or specialist will be necessary. Corticosteroid injections may be recommended for severe or persistent inflammation. They can be highly effective, but some people gain only temporary or minimal relief and they can cause side effects.

3. Supplements for joint health are widely available and some contain glucosamine and/or omega-3 fatty acids. When requesting glucosamine supplements, referral to the pharmacist is necessary for those with underlying conditions such as diabetes, or those taking other medication, including anti-coagulant therapy. Glucosamine supplements should not be used by customers who have a shelfish allergy. It should also be noted that pregnant women must not take any supplements containing vitamin A, including cod liver oil, as too much could harm their baby.

4. Surgery is sometimes, although rarely, required for more serious injuries, such as torn ligaments.

Signposting

For more information, you can:

• Use your Counter Intelligence Plus training guide
• Visit the NHS website: joint pain
• See the NICE clinical knowledge summary: sprains and strains
• Look at information from the Chartered Society of Physiotherapists
• Visit the National Back Association
• See what St John Ambulance has to say about dislocated joints.