Eczema pathophysiology
OPTIMISING MOISTURISER USE IN CHILDHOOD ECZEMA
Eczema pathophysiology
Eczema is characterised by a dysfunctional skin barrier, which causes dry skin;2 an interaction between genetic, environmental and immunological factors contributes to eczema.5
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Skin barrier function
- Skin is a physical barrier against water loss and harmful environmental factors. In eczema, abnormalities in the structure of skin impair barrier function3
- Skin affected by eczema shows reduced hydration and is more susceptible to allergens3,5
- Skin from healthy people has an acidic pH which helps stop bacterial growth. Eczematous skin is less acidic and therefore is at increased risk of infection.3,5
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Factors that may exacerbate eczema
- Harsh soaps, detergents and wool5
- Seasonal changes (e.g. due to changes in environmental pollution, temperature, low levels of UV exposure and humidity)5,6
- Heat5,6
- Sweating5
- Infections5
- Food allergies5
- Stress.5
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Immunological factors
Several immunological factors contribute to eczema including:
- Activation of T-helper 2 cells, a type of lymphocyte, which drive immunity and inflammation5
- Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (messengers that carry signals between cells)5
- Increased levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), which play an essential role in an allergic response.5